Computer vision coaching microsurgical laboratory training: PRIME (Proficiency Index in Microsurgical Education) proof of concept.

Computer vision (CV) feedback could be aimed as a constant tutor to guide ones proficiency during microsurgical practice in controlled environments. Five neurosurgeons with different levels of microsurgical expertise performed simulated vessel dissection and micro-suture in an ex vivo model for posterior computer analysis of recorded videos. A computer program called PRIME (Proficiency Index of Microsurgical Education) used in this research recognized color-labeled surgical instruments, from downloading videos into a platform, with a range of motion greater than 3 mm, for objective evaluation of number of right and left hand movements. A proficiency index of 0 to 1 was pre-established in order to evaluate continuous training improvement. PRIME computer program captured all hand movements executed by participants, except for small tremors or inconsistencies that have a range of motion inferior to 3 mm. Number of left and right hand movements were graphically expressed in order to guide more objective and efficacious training for each trainee, without requiring body sensors and cameras around the operating table. Participants with previous microsurgical experience showed improvement from 0.2 to 0.6 (p < 0.05), while novices had no improvement. Proficiency index set by CV was suggested, in a self-challenge and self-coaching manner. PRIME would offer the capability of constant laboratory microsurgical practice feedback under CV guidance, opening a new window for oriented training without a tutor or specific apparatus regarding all levels of microsurgical proficiency. Prospective, large data study is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Stroke Microsurgical Thrombectomy Human Placenta Simulator.

BACKGROUND: Stroke microsurgical cerebrovascular thrombectomy reports are limited, although this technique could be used in many centers as a primary treatment or a salvage intervention option. It requires great ability, so our aim is to describe and validate a stroke microsurgical thrombectomy ex vivo simulator with operative nuances analysis. METHODS: Human placenta (HP) models simulated middle cerebral artery vessels with intraluminal thrombus to be microsurgically excised. Six neurosurgeons performed 1-mm and 2-mm longitudinal and transverse arteriotomy in different arteries to remove a 1.5-cm length thrombus. Validation through construct validity compared time to complete the task, complete vessel cleaning, vessel manipulation, vessel stenosis, and leakage in both techniques. RESULTS: All 6 HP models reproduced with fidelity stroke microsurgical thrombectomy, so participants completed 24 sessions, 4 for each neurosurgeon on the same model in different arteries. Construct validity highlighted microsurgical technical difficulties with positive results obtained by parameters variation during performance. Transverse arteriotomy with 1-mm length had best results (P < 0.05) allowing complete thrombus removal, less stenosis, and minor leakage in abbreviated time. CONCLUSIONS: A HP simulator can reproduce with high fidelity all stroke microsurgical thrombectomy part tasks. Transverse 1-mm arteriotomy followed by thrombectomy and 2 simple sutures can fulfill all quality assurance aspects in such intervention accordingly to training model, due to easier vessel opening, complete thrombus removal, no stenosis, and faster microsuture.

Prevalence and management of refractory meralgia paresthetica in lumbar spine surgery: 5 years of experience / Prevalência e manejo da meralgia parestésica refratária em cirurgia de coluna lombar: experiência de cinco anos / Prevalencia y manejo de la meralgia parestésica refractaria en cirugía de columna lumbar: experiencia de 5 años

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of our study was to report 5 years of experience in the recognition and management of refractory meralgia paresthetica (MP) in patients who had undergone posterior approach lumbar surgery. Methods Patients who were submitted to procedures in the lumbar spine from January 2010 to January 2015 in three different hospital centers in Belo Horizonte/MG were selected for an evaluation of the postoperative development of MP. A prospective observational comparative case series study. Level of evidence III. Evaluation of the following parameters: type of support for the patient, surgical time, body mass index. Results 367 posterior approach lumbar spine surgeries for degenerative pathologies of the lumbar spine were performed. MP was observed in 81 patients (22%). In 65 of those patients (80%), there was complete resolution of the symptoms with conservative management (local measures and medications for neuropathic pain) in less than two months. Twelve patients improved with a corticosteroid depot injection in the inguinal ligament and four patients required a surgical procedure in the third month. Pneumatic support was the least involved in the development of MP, as well as surgical time <1h and body mass index <25. Conclusion Refractory MP may occur in patients submitted to posterior approach lumbar spine surgeries. Management includes local measures, medications for neuropathic pain, and corticosteroid injection in the inguinal ligament. Decompression surgery is reserved for rare refractory cases. Level of evidence III; Prospective observational study with comparative case series.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em relatar a experiência de cinco anos no reconhecimento e manejo da meralgia parestésica (MP) refratária em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias lombares por via posterior. Métodos Pacientes submetidos a procedimentos na coluna lombar, no período de janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2015, em três diferentes centros hospitalares de Belo Horizonte/MG, foram selecionados para avaliação do desenvolvimento da MP pós-operatória. Estudo prospectivo observacional com série de casos comparativos. Nível III de evidência. Avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros: tipo de suporte para o paciente, tempo de cirurgia, índice de massa corporal. Resultados Foram feitas 367 cirurgias por via posterior da coluna lombar para patologias degenerativas da coluna lombar. A MP foi observada em 81 pacientes (22%). Em 65 pacientes (80%), houve resolução completa dos sintomas com manejo conservador (medidas locais e medicamentos para dor neuropática) em menos de dois meses. Doze pacientes melhoraram através de infiltração com corticoide de depósito e anestésico no local no ligamento inguinal e, em quatro pacientes houve necessidade de procedimento cirúrgico no terceiro mês. O suporte pneumático foi o menos envolvido no desenvolvimento da MP, assim como o tempo cirúrgico <1h e índice de massa corporal <25. Conclusão A MP refratária pode ocorrer em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias na coluna lombar por via posterior. O manejo inclui medidas locais, medicamentos para dor neuropática e infiltração com corticoide no ligamento inguinal. A cirurgia descompressiva está reservada para os raros casos refratários. Nível de evidência III; Estudo prospectivo observacional com série de casos comparativos.

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en relatar la experiencia de 5 años en el reconocimiento y manejo de la meralgia parestésica (MP) refractaria en pacientes sometidos a cirugías lumbares por vía posterior. Métodos Pacientes sometidos a procedimientos en la columna lumbar, en el período de enero de 2010 a enero de 2015, en tres diferentes centros hospitalarios de Belo Horizonte/MG, fueron seleccionados para evaluación del desarrollo de la MP postoperatoria. Estudio prospectivo observacional con serie de casos comparativos. Nivel III de evidencia. Evaluación de los siguientes parámetros: tipo de soporte para el paciente, tiempo de cirugía, índice de masa corporal. Resultados Se realizaron 367 cirugías por vía posterior de la columna lumbar para patologías degenerativas de la columna lumbar. La MP fue observada en 81 pacientes (22%). En 65 pacientes (80%) hubo resolución completa de los síntomas con manejo conservador (medidas locales y medicamentos para el dolor neuropático) en menos de 2 meses. Doce pacientes mejoraron a través de infiltración de corticoide de depósito y anestésico en el local en el ligamento inguinal y, en cuatro pacientes, hubo necesidad de procedimiento quirúrgico en el tercer mes. El soporte neumático fue el menos involucrado en el desarrollo de la MP, así como el tiempo quirúrgico <1h e índice de masa corporal <25. Conclusión La MP refractaria puede ocurrir en pacientes sometidos a cirugías en la columna lumbar por vía posterior. El manejo incluye medidas locales, medicamentos para el dolor neuropático e infiltración con corticoide en el ligamento inguinal. La cirugía descompresiva está reservada para los raros casos refractarios. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio prospectivo observacional con serie de casos comparativos.

Quality Assurance During Brain Aneurysm Microsurgery-Operative Error Teaching.

INTRODUCTION: Quality assurance (QA) is a way to prevent mistakes in advance. Although it has been previously reported for surgical setup, there is no effective approach for minimizing microsurgical technical errors before an operation is done. Neurosurgery resident operative errors during brain aneurysm surgery could be foreseen by practicing in an ex vivo hybrid simulator with microscopic fluorescein vessel flow image. METHODS: Five vascular neurosurgeons and 8 junior/senior neurosurgical residents voluntarily joined this research initiative. The following methodology was adopted: 1) Identification of the 7 most-common resident operative performance errors during brain aneurysm surgery; 2) Design of exercises to prevent common mistakes in brain aneurysm microsurgery using a placenta simulator; and 3) Blinded staff neurosurgeon evaluation of resident performance during real brain aneurysm microsurgery. RESULTS: All key steps to perform such intervention were accomplished with a simulator that uses 2 placentas, a synthetic cranium, and microscopic fluorescein vessel flow image. Neurosurgery residents trained in this model had better surgical performance with fewer perioperative mistakes (P < 0.05). Fine microsurgical dissection of the arachnoid membrane and aneurysm sac were the most commonly improved tasks among the 7 common operative mistakes. Brain parenchyma traction with secondary bleeding was the only error not prevented after previous simulator training. CONCLUSIONS: There was a left-shift on the quality assurance line with residents who practiced brain aneurysm microsurgical errors in an ex vivo model. A multicentric prospective study is necessary to confirm the hypothesis that real operative error could be reduced after training in a realistic simulator.

Human Placenta Simulator for Intracranial-Intracranial Bypass: Vascular Anatomy and 5 Bypass Techniques.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial-intracranial (IC-IC) bypass surgery involves the use of significant technical bimanual skills. Indications for this procedure are limited, so training in a simulator with brain vessels similarity could maintain microsurgical dexterity. Our goal is to describe the human placenta vascular anatomy to guide IC-IC bypasses apprenticeship. METHODS: Human placenta vascular anatomy was reported and validated with comparison to brain main vessels after studying the vascular tree of 100 placentas. Five simulated IC-IC bypasses (end to end, end to lateral, lateral to lateral, aneurysm bridge, and aneurysm exiting branch transposition) were developed and construct and concurrent validated. Statistical analysis using the t variance test was performed with a confidence interval of 0.95. RESULTS: A total of 1200 placenta vessels were used for test-retest validation with a reliability index of 0.95. All 100 human placentas were suitable to perform the 5 different bypasses. Construct validity showed a P < 0.005. Concurrent validity highlighted the technical differences among simulators. CONCLUSIONS: An ex vivo bypass model offers great similarity to main brain vessels with the possibility to practice a variety of IC-IC bypass techniques in a single simulator. Placenta vascular anatomy knowledge can improve laboratory microsurgical training.

Learning brain aneurysm microsurgical skills in a human placenta model: predictive validity.

OBJECTIVE Surgery for brain aneurysms is technically demanding. In recent years, the process to learn the technical skills necessary for these challenging procedures has been affected by a decrease in the number of surgical cases available and progressive restrictions on resident training hours. To overcome these limitations, surgical simulators such as cadaver heads and human placenta models have been developed. However, the effectiveness of these models in improving technical skills is unknown. This study assessed concurrent and predictive validity of brain aneurysm surgery simulation in a human placenta model compared with a "live" human brain cadaveric model. METHODS Two human cadaver heads and 30 human placentas were used. Twelve neurosurgeons participated in the concurrent validity part of this study, each operating on 1 human cadaver head aneurysm model and 1 human placenta model. Simulators were evaluated regarding their ability to simulate different surgical steps encountered during real surgery. The time to complete the entire aneurysm task in each simulator was analyzed. The predictive validity component of the study involved 9 neurosurgical residents divided into 3 groups to perform simulation exercises, each lasting 6 weeks. The training for the 3 groups consisted of educational video only (3 residents), human cadaver only (3 residents), and human placenta only (3 residents). All residents had equivalent microsurgical experience with superficial brain tumor surgery. After completing their practice training, residents in each of the 3 simulation groups performed surgery for an unruptured middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm, and their performance was assessed by an experienced vascular neurosurgeon who watched the operative videos. RESULTS All human cadaver heads and human placentas were suitable to simulate brain aneurysm surgery. In the concurrent validity portion of the experiment, the placenta model required a longer time (p < 0.001) than cadavers to complete the task. The placenta model was considered more effective than the cadaver model in simulating sylvian fissure splitting, bipolar coagulation of oozing microvessels, and aneurysm neck and dome dissection. Both models were equally effective in simulating neck aneurysm clipping, while the cadaver model was considered superior for simulation of intraoperative rupture and for reproduction of real anatomy during simulation. In the predictive validity portion of the experiment, residents were evaluated for 4 tasks: sylvian fissure dissection, microvessel bipolar coagulation, aneurysm dissection, and aneurysm clipping. Residents trained in the human placenta simulator consistently had the highest overall performance scores when compared with those who had trained in the cadaver model and those who had simply watched operative videos (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The human placenta biological simulator provides excellent simulation for some critical tasks of aneurysm surgery such as splitting of the sylvian fissure, dissection of the aneurysm neck and dome, and bipolar coagulation of surrounding microvessels. When performing surgery for an unruptured MCA aneurysm, residents who had trained in the human placenta model performed better than residents trained with other simulation scenarios/models. In this age of reduced exposure to aneurysm surgery and restrictions on resident working hours, the placenta model is a valid simulation for microneurosurgery with striking similarities with real surgery.

C1-C4 Dorsal Column Stimulation for Refractory Occipital Neuralgia Treatment. Case Report

Introduction Refractory occipital neuralgia is a difficult medical condition, especially when the patient has already been submitted to occipital nerve neurectomy and radiofrequency rhizotomy. There is no case report of spinal cord stimulation in the C1- C4 cervical segments for this condition. Objective To evaluate if C1-C4 dorsal spinal cord stimulation is effective in a patient with refractory occipital neuralgia who was already submitted to neurectomy and rhizotomy. Methods After obtaining the approval from the Ethics Committee of one of our institutions, a unilateral laminectomy was performed between C3 and C4, and a neurostimulator lead was conducted until the posterior portion of the C1 arc was in full view. Then we performed an intraoperative test to evaluate the correspondence between pain location and stimulation-induced paresthesias. We could not put the subcutaneous lead for such condition because of the scar tissue of the area and the previous neurectomy. Results After one year of follow up, we noticed a dramatic improvement in pain control, as well as medication withdrawal. The score of the visual analogue scale was 9 before the surgery, and it dropped to 2 after 1 year of follow-up. Conclusion Spinal cord stimulation between the C1 and C4 cervical segments can be an option for selected cases of refractory occipital neuralgia, including those patients who have already been submitted to neurectomy or rhizotomy.

Neuralgia occipital refratária é uma condição médica difícil, especialmente em pacientes submetidos previamente a neurectomia nos nervos occipitais e rizotomia por radiofrequência. Não há na literatura relato de estimulação da medula espinhal entre os níveis C1 e C4 para essa condição. Objetivos Avaliar se a estimulação da coluna dorsal da medula nos níveis C1 a C4 é eficaz no controle da dor em paciente com neuralgia occipital refratária já submetido a neurectomia e rizotomia. Métodos Após aprovação do Conselho de Ética de uma de nossas instituições, foi realizada laminectomia unilateral de C3 e C4, com posterior introdução do conjunto de eletrodos em placa, que foi posicionado até que a porção anterior do arco de C1 estivesse sob visão direta. Posteriormente, foi realizado um teste intraoperatório para avaliar a correspondência entre a área dolorosa e a parestesia induzida pela estimulação. Não possível optar pelo uso de eletrodo subcutâneo devido ao extenso tecido cicatricial secundário às cirurgias prévias. Resultados Melhora significativa da dor ocorreu ao longo de um ano de acompanhamento, com redução progressiva da dose da medicação. O valor da escala visual analógica no pré-operatório era 9, e após 1 ano de acompanhamento, reduziu para 2. Conclusão Estimulação da coluna dorsal da medula espinhal entre os seguimentos C1 e C4 pode, em casos selecionados, ser uma opção terapêutica na neuralgia occipital refratária, incluindo pacientes que já foram submetidos a neurectomia e rizotomia.

Choroid plexus cauterization on treatment of hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephalus.

INTRODUCTION: The standard treatment for hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephalus consists of inserting shunts, although complications frequently occur. Choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) is an alternative, but its long-term efficacy and the factors associated with the success and failure of controlling head circumference (HC) are not well defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and factors related to the success rate of CPC in the treatment of hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephalus. METHOD: Forty-two children with maximal hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly underwent CPC from 2006 to 2014 and were retrospectively evaluated. Children with less than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. The long-term efficacy and success rate of possible variables (i.e., sex, type of malformation, type of surgery performed, treatment hospital, age, and HC at the time of surgery and birth) were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-four children were considered for the effectiveness analysis. Treatment was successful in 24 children (70.6%), and failure occurred in 10 children (29.4%). Failure was detected soon after the endoscopic procedure (average 116 days). There was no difference in effectiveness when comparing the age at the moment of surgery (p = 0.473), type of malformation (p = 1), HC at birth (0.699), and HC at the time of surgery (p = 0.648). The surgical death rate was 7.14%. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic CPC was a valid procedure used to treat hydranencephaly and maximal hydrocephaly, and it was effective in 70.6% of cases, with an average follow-up period of 32 months. When failures occurred, they occurred early. None of the analyzed variables interfered with the success of the treatment.

Endoscopic Sural Nerve Removal in Obstetric Brachial Plexopathy Using Basic Endoscopy Instruments: Technical Note

Introduction The sural nerve (SN) is commonly used for grafting following resection of a neuroma-in-continuity in neonatal brachial plexus lesions (NBPL). The main drawbacks of the current open techniques are large scars and contractures in the late postoperative stage, which may, in severe cases, cause equinovarus contractures. Objective To describe the feasibility and the technical aspects of endoscopic SN harvesting with the use of basic endoscopy instruments and small incisions. Methods Prospective observational study of NBPL subjected to endoscopic nerve harvesting between February of 2012 and February of 2014 in a consecutive series. Patients were operated at the Felício Rocho Hospital (Hospital Felício Rocho) and the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais (Hospital das Clínicas UFMG), Belo Horizonte/MG, in Brazil. The study outcomes assessed were: scar size, presence or absence of contractures in the calf, bleeding volume (measured by the number of gauzes used) and number of incisions. Only patients with a follow-up longer than 6 months were included. Results Seven patients were selected and twelve endoscopic nerves were endoscopically harvested. The average surgery time was 45 minutes. Nine SNs were harvested through two incisions, and three nerves through three incisions. The estimated bleeding was less than 5ml and there were no complications or contractures during the follow-up period of 6 months to 4 years. Conclusion Sural nerve harvesting in children with NBPL is feasible and it offers the advantage of needing only two or three small incisions using basic endoscopy instruments.

Introdução O nervo sural é a melhor opção para enxertia nas reconstruções microcirúrgicas da plexopatia braquial obstétrica. O método clássico aberto com incisão longitudinal desde o tornozelo até a fossa poplítea ou em incisões em degraus possuem as desvantagens de cicatrizes amplas e contraturas em equinovarus (pé torto). Atualmente, o emprego de endoscópios específicos para a retirada de enxertia de nervos e vasos mostra resultados satisfatórios em relação ao encurtamento do tempo cirúrgico e à redução no tamanho das incisões, mas tem como inconveniente o alto custo de aquisição e manutenção. Objetivo Discutir a viabilidade e descrever nota técnica da retirada do nervo sural utilizando instrumental básico de endoscopia e pequenas incisões. Métodos Estudo observacional prospectivo em pacientes com plexopatia braquial obstétrica submetidos a retirada do nervo sural por endoscopia no período de fevereiro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2014 no Hospital Felicio Rocho e no Hospital das Clinicas UFMG, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brasil. Resultados Sete pacientes foram selecionados e foram retirados doze nervos surais por endoscopia. O tempo médio da cirurgia foi de 45 minutos. Nove nervos surais foram retirados por duas incisões, e três nervos foram retirados por três incisões. O sangramento foi inferior a 5ml e não houve complicações no pós-operatório imediato e tardio em acompanhamento entre 6 meses e 4 anos. Não foram observadas contraturas no período observacional. Conclusão O nervo sural pode ser retirado utilizando duas ou três pequenas incisões por meio de instrumental endoscópico básico em crianças com plexopatia braquial obstétrica.

Epidemiologic Profile of Brachial Plexus Traumatic Lesions in Adults at an Outpatient Clinic in Minas Gerais

This study aimed to raise demographic and epidemiological aspects as well as the time until surgery in patients with brachial plexus injury in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Forty-seven patients who underwent surgery were evaluated retrospectively in the period 2010 to 2011. The majority (91.5%) were male, mean age 34.4 years; 56.5% were single or separated; 55.3%, from the countryside of Minas Gerais. With regard to schooling, 47.8% had not completed elementary school level. Most of them (43.5%) had a heavy duty job, including houseworking, agriculture, industry. Traffic accidents were the main cause of the injury (97.9%); and motorcycle accidents accounted for 68.1% of the lesions. The time between the accident and the first view by brachial plexus specialist ranged from 1 month to 30 months. The time between query and specialized surgical treatment ranged from 5 to 18 months, mean 10 months. This study points out the epidemiological characteristics of patients with brachial plexus injuries in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Most of the injuries occurred after motorcycle accident in male patients with unfavorable social and economic conditions. In addition, the surgical timing was far above the recommended, resulting in an unfavorable prognosis for functional recovery.

O presente estudo objetivou levantar aspectos sociodemográficos e epidemiológicos, bem como o intervalo de tempo até a cirurgia, dos pacientes com trauma do plexo braquial em Belo Horizonte (MG). Quarenta e sete pacientes submetidos à cirurgia foram avaliados retrospectivamente no período de 2010 a 2011. A maioria (91,5%) era do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 34,4 anos; 56,5% eram solteiros ou separados; 55,3%, provenientes do interior do estado de Minas Gerais. No que se refere ao nível de escolaridade, 47,8% não haviam completado o nível de ensino fundamental. A maioria deles (43,5%) exercia atividade braçal (serviços gerais, agricultura, indústria e construção civil). Os acidentes de trânsito foram os principais causadores de trauma (97,9%), sendo os acidentes de motocicleta responsáveis por 68,1% das lesões. O tempo entre o acidente e o atendimento pelo médico especialista variou de 1 mês a 30 meses. O tempo entre a consulta especializada e o tratamento cirúrgico variou de 5 a 18 meses com média de 10 meses. O presente estudo aponta as características epidemiológicas dos pacientes com lesões de plexo braquial em Minas Gerais. A maior parte das lesões ocorreu após acidente de moto, em pacientes do sexo masculino, com condições sociais e econômicas desfavoráveis. Além disso, o tempo até o reparo das lesões foi bem acima do preconizado, implicando em prognóstico desfavorável para recuperação funcional.

Project BHTRM: new strategy of monitoring and acting in spinal cord injuries in the city of Belo Horizonte / Projeto BHTRM: nova estratégia de monitoramento e atuação no trauma raquimedular da cidade de Belo Horizonte / Proyecto BHTRM: nueva estrategia de monitoreo y actuación en las lesiones de la médula espinal en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte

Objective: The BHTRM Project aims at studying the epidemiology of TRM in the city of Belo Horizonte and providing the means to monitor these patients. Method: To assess the efficacy and solvability of the project, two groups of patients treated at the João XXIII Hospital were compared in two distinct periods. Group 1 - from May 1, 2011 to July 31, 2011, months of project initiation and Group 2 - from December 1, 2012 to February 28, 2013. Results: Despite the 34% increase in the number of assisted patients, there is a 30% drop in the average number of days of hospitalization, as well as a decrease in the average days waiting for surgery of patients requiring surgical treatment, from 10.9 to 4.84, a drop of 56%. Conclusion: BHTRM Project is a useful tool in public health management. It optimizes the treatment of patients with spinal trauma by decreasing the time between admission and surgery. Also provides active monitoring of patient care and ensures better integration of rehabilitation care. .

Objetivo: O Projeto BHTRM tem como objetivo estudar a epidemiologia do trauma raquimedular (TRM) na cidade de Belo Horizonte e fornecer meios de monitoramento desses pacientes. Método: Para avaliação da eficácia e resolubilidade do projeto, comparamos dois grupos de pacientes atendidos no Hospital João XXIII, em dois períodos distintos. Grupo 1: de 1o de maio de 2011 a 31 de julho de 2011, meses de início do projeto e Grupo 2: de 1º de dezembro de 2012 a 28 de fevereiro de 2013. Resultados: Apesar do aumento de 34% no número de pacientes atendidos, observa-se uma queda de 30% na média de dias de internação, assim como a diminuição na média de dias de espera para cirurgia dos pacientes que necessitavam tratamento cirúrgico, de 10,9 para 4,84, uma queda de 56%. Conclusão: O Projeto BHTRM é uma ferramenta útil em gestão de saúde pública. Otimiza o tratamento do paciente com trauma raquimedular, diminuindo o tempo entre internação e cirurgia. Oferece acompanhamento ativo do paciente assegurando melhor atendimento e inserção dos cuidados de reabilitação. .

Objetivo: El Proyecto BHTRM fue creado con el objetivo de estudiar la epidemiología de la TRM en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte y proporcionar medios para monitorear estos pacientes. Método: Para evaluar la eficacia y la solvencia del proyecto, se compararon dos grupos de pacientes tratados en el Hospital João XXIII, en dos períodos distintos. Grupo 1 - 01 de mayo de 2011 al 31 de julio de 2011, los meses del inicio del proyecto y Grupo 2 â€" 01 de diciembre de 2012 al 28 de febrero de 2013. Resultado: A pesar del aumento del 34% en el número de pacientes atendidos, hay una caída de 30% en el promedio de días de hospitalización, así como una disminución en el promedio de días en espera para cirugía de los pacientes que requieren tratamiento quirúrgico, 10,9 a 4,84, una disminución del 56%. Conclusión: El proyecto BHTRM es una herramienta útil en la gestión de la salud pública. Optimiza el tratamiento de pacientes con trauma espinal, disminuyendo el tiempo entre la admisión y la cirugía. Proporciona vigilancia activa de la atención al paciente y garantiza la mejor integración de los servicios de rehabilitación .

A new expansive two-open-doors laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: technical report and follow-up results.

UNLABELLED: The laminoplasty technique was devised by Hirabayashi in 1978 for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. OBJECTIVE: To describe an easy modification of Hirabayashi's method and present the clinical and radiological results from a five-year follow-up study. METHOD AND RESULTS: Eighty patients had 5 levels of decompression (C3-C7), 3 patients had 6 levels of decompression (C2-T1) and 3 patients had 4 levels of decompression (C3-C6). Foraminotomies were performed in 23 cases (27%). Following Nurick`s scale, 76 patients (88%) improved, 9 (11%) had the same Nurick grade, and one patient worsened and was advised to undergo another surgical procedure. No deaths were observed. The mean surgery time was 122 min. Radiographic evaluation showed an increase in the mean sagittal diameter from 11.2 mm at pretreatment to 17.3 mm post surgery. There was no significant difference between pretreatment and post-surgery C2-C7 angles. CONCLUSIONS: This two-open-doors laminoplasty technique is safe, easy and effective and can be used as an alternative treatment for cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy without instability.

Migrated pharyngeal fish bone causing spondylodiscitis. Case report / Espondilodiscite causada por espinha de peixe migrada para faringe. Relato de caso / Espondilodiscitis causada por espina de pescado migrada para la faringe. Relato de caso

Ingestion of foreign bodies is a common problem seen at emergency rooms and frequently involves chicken and fish bones. There are few cases of migrated foreign bodies through the retropharynx causing infectious process in the area but no one, despite the proximity, causing spondylodiscitis. Perhaps such condition is attributed to the integrity of the longus colli fascia covering and protecting the cervical spine. We described the first case of spondylodiscitis due to a foreign body (saw-toothed fish bone) that penetrated the longus colli fascia and carved into vertebral body C3.

A ingestão de corpos estranhos é problema comum nos pronto-socorros e geralmente ocorrem com ossos de aves e espinhas de peixes. Há alguns relatos de casos de migração de corpos estranhos para a retrofaringe, que causam processo infeccioso local, mas não há nenhum caso descrito de espondilodiscite (apesar da proximidade). Talvez a ausência de infecção na coluna vertebral decorra da integridade da fáscia do músculo longo do pescoço, que recobre e protege a coluna cervical. Descrevemos o primeiro caso de espondilodiscite em decorrência de migração de uma espinha serrilhada de peixe que penetrou profundamente na fáscia do músculo longo do pescoço e atingiu o corpo vertebral de C3.

La ingestión de cuerpos extraños es un problema común en los puestos de primeros auxilios y, generalmente, ocurre con huesos de aves y espinas de pescados. Hay algunos relatos de casos de migraciones de cuerpos extraños para la retrofaringe, las cuales causan procesos infecciosos locales, pero no hay ningún caso descrito de espondilodiscitis (aun considerando la proximidad). Quizás la ausencia de infección en la columna vertebral resulte de la integridad de la fascia del músculo largo del cuello, que recubre y protege a la columna cervical. Describimos el primer caso de espondilodiscitis causado por la migración de una espina serrada de pescado, la cual penetró profundamente en la fascia del músculo largo del cuello y alcanzó al cuerpo vertebral de C3.

Posterior cervical foraminotomy: anatomic study in cadavers / Foraminotomia cervical posterior: estudo anatômico em cadáveres / Foraminotoma cervical posterior: estudio anatómico en cadáveres

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to use different segments of the cervical spine in cadavers to determine how much lateral mass should be resected for adequate foraminal decompression. METHODS: Six cadavers were used. The region of the cervical spine from C1 to the C7-T1 transition was dissected and exposed. The lateral mass of each vertebra was measured bilaterally before the foraminotomy in the following segments: C2-C3, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6 and C6-C7. The procedure was performed with a high-speed drill and through surgical microscopy. Three foraminotomies were performed (F1, F2, F3) in each level. Lateral masses were measured after foraminotomy procedures and compared to the initial measurement, creating a percentage of lateral mass needed for decompression.. The value of the entire surface was defined as 100%. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference between the amounts of the resected lateral mass through each foraminotomy (F1, F2, F3) at the same level. However, there was no statistical significant difference among the different levels. The average percentage of resection of the lateral masses in F2 were 27.7% at C2-C3, 24.8% at C3-C4, 24.4% at C4-C5 and 23.8% and 31.2% at C5-C6 and C6-C7, respectively. In F3, the level that needed greater resection of the lateral masses was C6-C7 level, where the average resection ranged between 41.2% and 47.9%. CONCLUSION: In all segments studied, the removal of approximately 24 to 32% of the facet joint allowed adequate exposure of the foraminal segment, with visualization of the dural sac and the exit of the cervical root. .

OBJETIVO: Utilizar diferentes segmentos da coluna cervical em cadáveres para determinar quanto de massa lateral deve ser ressecada para adequada descompressão foraminal. MÉTODOS: Seis cadáveres foram usados e dissecados de modo a expor a região cervical posterior de C1 até a transição C7-T1. A massa lateral de cada vértebra foi medida bilateralmente antes da foraminotomia nos segmentos: C2-C3, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6 e C6-C7. A foraminotomia foi realizada com "drill" de alta rotação e técnica microscópica. Três foraminotomias foram efetuadas: F1, F2, F3 em cada nível. As massas laterais foram medidas após procedimentos da foraminotomia e comparadas à medida inicial, criando uma porcentagem de massa lateral necessária para descompressão. O valor de cada face articular foi definido como 100%. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatística entre a quantidade de massa lateral ressecada entre cada foraminotomia (F1, F2, F3) no mesmo nível. Entretanto, não houve diferença estatística entre as foraminotomias em diferentes níveis. A porcentagem média de ressecção das massas laterais na foraminotomia F2 foi de 27,7% em C2-C3; 24,8% em C3-C4; 24,4% em C4-C5; 23,8% em C5-C6; 31,2% em C6-C7. Na foraminotomia F3, o nível que precisou de maior ressecção das massas laterais foi C6-C7, onde a foraminotomia variou entre 41,2% e 47,9%. CONCLUSÃO: Em todos os segmentos estudados, a remoção de aproximadamente 24 a 32% da articulação facetária permitiu exposição adequada do segmento foraminal com visualização do saco dural e da saída da raiz cervical. .

OBJETIVO: Utilizar diferentes segmentos de la columna cervical en cadáveres para determinar cuánto de masa lateral debe ser resecada para la adecuada descompresión foraminal. MÉTODOS: Seis cadáveres fueron usados y disecados de modo a exponer la región cervical posterior de C1 hasta la transición C7-T1. La masa lateral de cada vértebra fue medida bilateralmente, antes de la foraminotomía, en los segmentos: C2-C3, C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6 y C6-C7. La foraminotomía fue realizada con "drill" de alta rotación y técnica microscópica. Se efectuaron tres foraminotomías: F1, F2, F3 en cada nivel. Las masas laterales fueron medidas después de procedimientos de foraminotomía y se compararon con la medida inicial, creando un porcentaje de masa lateral necesaria para descompresión. El valor de cada faz articular fue definido como siendo 100%. RESULTADOS: Hubo diferencia estadística entre la cantidad de masa lateral resecada entre cada foraminotomía (F1, F2, F3) en el mismo nivel. No obstante, no hubo diferencia estadística entre las foraminotomías en niveles diferentes. El porcentaje promedio de resección de las masas laterales, en la foraminotomía F2, fue de 27,7% en C2-C3; 24,8% en C3-C4; 24,4% en C4-C5; 23,8% en C5-C6; 31,2% en C6-C7. En la foraminotomía F3, el nivel que precisó de más resección de las masas laterales fue C6-C7, en el cual la foraminotomía varió entre 41,2% y 47,9%. CONCLUSIÓN: En todos los segmentos estudiados, la remoción de aproximadamente 24 a 32% de la articulación facetaria permitió tener exposición adecuada del segmento foraminal con visualización del saco dural y de la salida de la raíz cervical. .

A new expansive two-open-doors laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: technical report and follow-up results / Nova tecnica de laminoplastia expansiva para tratamento de mielopatia espondilotica cervical: descricao tecnica e resultados de follow-up

The laminoplasty technique was devised by Hirabayashi in 1978 for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Objective: To describe an easy modification of Hirabayashi’s method and present the clinical and radiological results from a five-year follow-up study. Method and Results: Eighty patients had 5 levels of decompression (C3-C7), 3 patients had 6 levels of decompression (C2-T1) and 3 patients had 4 levels of decompression (C3-C6). Foraminotomies were performed in 23 cases (27%). Following Nurick`s scale, 76 patients (88%) improved, 9 (11%) had the same Nurick grade, and one patient worsened and was advised to undergo another surgical procedure. No deaths were observed. The mean surgery time was 122 min. Radiographic evaluation showed an increase in the mean sagittal diameter from 11.2 mm at pretreatment to 17.3 mm post surgery. There was no significant difference between pretreatment and post-surgery C2-C7 angles. Conclusions: This two-open-doors laminoplasty technique is safe, easy and effective and can be used as an alternative treatment for cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy without instability. .

A laminoplastia é técnica clássica descrita por Hirabayashi em 1978 para descompressão do canal cervical sem utilizar prótese. A principal indicação é o tratamento da mielopatia espondilotica cervical sem instabilidade. Objetivo: Descrever modificação simples da técnica de laminoplastia clássica de Hirabayashi com resultados clínicos e radiográficos em 5 anos de acompanhamento. Resultados e Método: Foram acompanhados 86 pacientes. Em 80, foi feita descompressão por laminoplastia em 5 níveis (C3-C7); em 3, descompressão em 6 níveis (C2-T1); em 3, descompressao em 4 níveis (C3-C6). Em 23 casos (27%), foi realizada foraminotomia associada a descompressão medular. O acompanhamento dos pacientes foi feito utilizando a escala de Nurick. Em 76 pacientes (88%) houve melhora do grau de Nurick. Não houve mortalidade associada à técnica. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico foi de 122 minutos. Em relação à avaliação radiográfica, houve aumento do diâmetro sagital médio do canal cervical de 11,2mm para 17,3mm. Não houve diferença estatística do ângulo C2-C7 nas avaliações antes e após o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: A nova técnica de laminoplastia descrita no presente estudo foi segura, de fácil execução, efetiva, não utiliza protese e não há instabilidade do canal cervical. .

Dor em idosos hospitalizados com comprometimento osteomuscular / Pain in hospitalized elders with musculoskeletical dysfunction

O processo de envelhecimento está comumente relacionado à alta incidência de alterações osteomusculares, que levam a alto nível de dependência e são acompanhados por dor. Objetivo: analisar e descrever aspectos relacionados à dor em idosos internados em hospital de grande porte com alterações osteomusculares. Método: estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado com 108 pacientes com alterações osteomusculares, internados em unidade de clínica médica de hospital geral de grande porte de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Resultados: as fraturas foram as principais causas de dor, seguidas pelas metástases ósseas e doenças degenerativas. Evidenciou-se alta prevalência de dor aguda, classificada como forte a pior dor imaginável, no grupo das fraturas e metástases ósseas. A combinação de medidas farmacológicas, como administração de analgésicos e não farmacológicas, como a aplicação de compressas e trocas de curativos, foi a que mais aliviou a dor dos idosos. A assistência médica e a assistência de enfermagem foram descritas como agravantes da dor pela manipulação indevida e não planejada. Conclusão: a atenção médica e os cuidados de enfermagemdevem ser individualizados e planejados de modo a obter conforto e alívio da dor aguda nos pacientes hospitalizados.

The aging process is commonly associated with high rates of musculoskeletal dysfunction that lead to high levels of dependence and pain. Objective: To analyze pain related aspects in hospitalized elderly patients with musculoskeletal abnormalities. Method: This is a quantitative, descriptive study performed with 108 elderly patients with musculoskeletalabnormalities admitted in a general medical unit of a hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results: Fractures were the main cause of pain, followed by bone metastasis and degenerative diseases. High prevalence of acute pain, classified as strong or the worst pain imaginable, was observed in the fracture and bone metastasis group.The combination of pharmacologic measures, such as administration of analgesics, and non-pharmacologic measures, such as the application of dressings and bandage replacement, were the most pain relieving measures according to patients. Conversely, medical and nursing care were reported as worsening the pain, due to unplanned or inappropriatehandling. Conclusion: Medical and nursing care must be individualized and planned in order to alleviate acute pain and increase comfort in hospitalized patients.

Fourth ventriculostomy: an alternative treatment for hydrocephalus due to atresia of the Magendie and Luschka foramina.

Atresia of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka is a rare cause of obstructive hydrocephalus. Although this condition has been classically treated by CSF shunting, recent treatments have also included endoscopic third ventriculostomy. In the present study, the authors present the case of a patient with hydrocephalus in whom an alternative method was used following a CSF shunt malfunction. A young female patient in whom a shunt was placed during the patient's 1st year of life was faring well until she was 8 years old. She was admitted to the emergency department 5 times with signs of CSF shunt malfunction. Each time, the CT scan showed a slight dilation of the lateral and third ventricles and a large increase in the size of the fourth ventricle. In comparison, ventricles were smaller in a previous imaging study obtained when the patient was asymptomatic. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the same slight dilation of all the ventricles and a significant increase in the fourth ventricle. There was no aqueductal stenosis. An important enlargement of both lateral recesses of the fourth ventricle suggested the possibility of an atresia of the foramina. The foramen of Monro and the width of the third ventricle would not allow the passage of an endoscope. The decision was made to open those foramina endoscopically through the fourth ventricle. After induction of general anesthesia, with the patient in the prone position, a bur hole was made in the left paramedian and suboccipital region. The endoscope was introduced underneath the cerebellar hemisphere. The authors were then able to distinguish the floor of the fourth ventricle and other anatomical landmarks. Navigation through the lateral recesses allowed them to see the fine membranes closing the foramina. These membranes were opened with a monopolar cautery as a blunt instrument. The orifice was then enlarged with a 3 Fr Fogarty catheter. The authors also opened a bulging thin membrane located at the foramen of Magendie. During the postoperative period, the authors observed a marked improvement in the state of the patient's alertness as well as a disappearance of her headaches and cessation of vomiting. In addition, the patient's gait ataxia improved slowly. Six-month postoperative MR imaging demonstrated an unequivocal reduction in the size of the fourth ventricle. The patient was still doing well 36 months after the surgery. Endoscopic fourth ventriculostomy, the opening of the 3 foramina of the fourth ventricle, may be an alternative treatment in cases in which these structures are congenitally closed.

Lesões supurativas intracranianas / Intracranial suppurative lesions

Este artigo apresenta revisão sobre as lesões supurativas intracranianas. A maioria dessas afecções são resultado de infecções, traumas ou cirurgias. Os pacientes geralmente manifestam um largo espectro de sintomas inespecíficos, o que exige alto grau de suspeição. Exames de imagem são indispensáveis para confirmação do diagnóstico. O tratamento se baseia em antibioticoterapia intensiva e abordagem neurocirúrgica. Diagnóstico precoce e tratamento agressivo são essenciais para um bom prognóstico.

Presents review of Intracranial Suppurative Lesions. These affections are consequence of infections, trauma or surgery. Patients usually manifest a large unspecific spectrum of clinical symptoms, so, a high level of suspicion is required. Imaging exams are indispensable to confirm the diagnosis. The treatment is based on intensive antibiotic therapy and surgical evacuation. Early diagnosis with aggressive medical and surgical management are essential to improved outcome.

Complicações intracranianas de rinossinusite / Intracranials complications of rhinosinusitis

Apresenta-se caso de abscesso epidural intracraniano associado a um empiema subdural como complicações de rinossinusite. O diagnóstico foi feito pela clínica em conjunto com a tomografia computadorizada. O paciente foi tratado com antibioticoterapia tríplice e intervenção cirúrgica para drenagem de empiema, evoluindo para a cura.

Report a case of intracranial epidural abscess associated with subdural empyema as a complication of a rhinosinusitis. The diagnosis was made by the clinical course and computerized tomography. The patient was treated with antibiotic therapy of wide spectrum and surgical treatment to drain the empyema, going to cure.